Point of View Essay

His mother attends these classes to reduce her high blood pressure. He escorts her there every week because she refuses to take the bus alone since integration. His mother is extremely prejudice and Julian was the total opposite. In Mrs. Dutta Writes a Letter this story is about the life of Mrs. Dutta, an old, widowed Indian woman who had moved into her son’s American home two months prior. Mrs. Dutta struggles with not running a house and in the midst is writing a letter to a dear friend back home contemplating weather to be truthful or to be honorable to her family. First I would like to review witch point of view is being used both stories. For the first short story Everything That Rises Must Converge, the story is being told from a third person point of view. The story has someone who is not any of the characters stating the events that are happening or events that had happened. Also the third person point of view is giving the dialog between and among characters. In this quote from the story it is evident that it is being told from a third person point of view â€Å"She said this every time he took her to the reducing class. (Burroway) This narrative persona is in fact close to the story because it knows how the characters in the story are feeling as well as their individual thoughts. For example â€Å"It gave him a certain satisfaction to see injustice in daily operation. † (Burroway) For this specific story the Implied author does not seem to be close to the narrative persona. It is not evident who is actually telling the story and its’ events. The story is not told in past tense which would imply that Julian was the one in fact telling the story. For Mrs. Dutta Writes a Letter this is also told form a third person point of view. We can see that the story is not being told by any of the characters, and it shows the emotions and actions of everyone in the story. The narrative persona for this story is more close to Mrs. Dutta then other characters as the story mainly revolves around how Mrs. Dutta is feeling and her actions. The narrative persona shows a glimpse of the other characters emotions while focusing on Mrs. Dutta. â€Å"Mrs. Dutta, who had never, through forty-two years of marriage, addressed Sagar’s father by name tried not to wince. † (Borroway)Both stories are similar by the fact that they have the same type of narrative persona. In other stories such as What You Pawn I Will Redeem this is coming from a first person narrative. The story is being told by the main character and he knows little about the other emotions felt by other characters. For Everything That Rises Must Converge and Mrs. Dutta Writes a Letter the distance would seem to be closer as the reader knows each of the characters’ feelings and their emotions. Secondly, we can review of the types of irony that is being used for each story. Every story has its individual way of conveying a message to its readers. Irony is a way for the story to indicate an intention of that which is happening in the story. In Everything That Rises Must Converge the type of irony that is being used is dramatic irony. In the story we can see that when Julian’s mother gets hit by the African American women Julian doesn’t think it is a big deal. He repeatedly tells his mother to get up and that is what she deserved. Not knowing in fact that she was unconscious, non responsive, and possibly dead. In Mrs. Dutta Writes a Letter this story would also have dramatic irony. In this story the family does not know that Mrs. Dutta is rather unhappy living with her son in America. Mrs. Dutta always tries to hide her true feelings from her family, and is reluctant to tell the truth to her best friend in India, but the reader knows Mrs. Dutta’s true feelings. Also we can see how the voice affects the plot of each story. Since both Everything That Rises Must Converge and Mrs. Dutta Writes a Letter have a similar voice, the plots in both stories are affected almost the same way. With the voice being from a third person point of view the reader is able to know the qualities of each character. In Everything That Rises Must Converge knowing both emotions for Julian and his mother, we are able to see both sides of what they are thinking. This helps with knowing the actions that might take place next and also to know why the character responded in such a way. Julian’s mother is very prejudice, and since the reader is able to know her feeling we can see why Julian acted the way he did when he saw an African American man get on the bus. In Mrs. Dutta Writes a Letter knowing Mrs. Dutta’s feeling about living with her son we can see why she is reluctant to share that information with her best friend as she thinks it would be un-honorable. We can also see that the feeling is mutual with her son’s wife. This explains the harsh attitude against Mrs. Dutta and Mrs. Dutta’s need to hide things from the family. In both stories the plot is mostly linear. In both stories you have the characters going though time as normal with few flash backs of the characters past. In Everything That Rises Must Converge Julian and his mother get on a bus to get to the YMCA, and there was only the flash back of when Julian remembers his Grandfather’s house. In Mrs. Dutta Writes a Letter it goes through Mrs. Dutta’s daily routine but she has flash backs of when she lived in India. With both stories having a third person point of view, you have the narrative person telling most of the characters emotions rather than showing how they react to situations Lastly we can assess the themes of both stories, and how they are affected by the voice. With the voice being close to the characters in both stories, we can see how different situations may arise. The theme of Everything That Rises Must Converge is about the act of rebelling. The voice shows how Julian makes different ideas up in his mind for ways to rebel against his mother. In Mrs. Dutta Writes a Letter the theme in the story is the many differences between traditional Indians and modern Indians living in America and the conflict that this cultural divide can create. The voice shows the constant emotional battle the Mrs. Dutta has with herself and her daughter-in-law. With in both of these short stories we can see how a similar voice and point of view can be used for two completely different works. The voice and point of view are made to portray a cretin way to the reader.

Origins, After/Otherworld & Codes Of Living Essay

Literature has been a useful way of understanding many aspects about the world and even the essence of the existence of mankind. The connection of literature with humanity can be evidently seen in different historical accounts of stories that have become famous internationally. These literary works may have been mythological, fantasy, religious or even non-fictional, but despite all of this. Finding greater realizations about man can be deeply understood within the confines of these stories. There can be similarities and differences that might appear at the stories. But sometimes, readers would find it surprising when he or she realizes the connections. To further understand man’s origins, understanding literature is one form of assistance. The contents within stories across the centuries of literature define and display messages about the possible origins of man. The following paragraphs showcase two examples of literary examples of the accounts of the creation of man. Genesis Then God said, â€Å"Let us make man in our image, in our likeness, and let them rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air, over the livestock, over all the earth, and over all the creatures that move along the ground. † So God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them. God blessed them and said to them, â€Å"Be fruitful and increase in number; fill the earth and subdue it. Rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air and over every living creature that moves on the ground. † (Genesis: 1: 26-28). Genesis, the initial part of the bible discusses the creation of everything. The book of Genesis made clear the importance of man and the explanation of how man came to be and how man should live. It stated clearly the purpose of man, to rule over the fish and the sea and the birds and every living creature. This account clearly states the importance of man and man’s role on earth. Greek Mythology’s Creation of Man â€Å"By now all was ready for the appearance of mankind. Even the places the good and bad should go to after death had been arranged. It was time for me to be created. There is more than one account of how that came to pass. Some say it was delegated by the gods to Prometheus, the Titan who had sided with Zeus in the war with the Titans, and to his brother, Epimetheus. Before making men he gave all the best gifts to the animals, strength and swiftness and courage and shrewd cunning, fur and feathers and wings and shells and the like – until no good was left for men, no protective covering and no quality to make them a match for the beasts. Prometheus, then, took over the task of creation and thought out a way to make mankind superior. He fashioned them in a nobler shape than the animals, upright like the gods; and then he went to heaven, to the sun. where he lit a torch and brought down fire, a protection to men far better than anything else, whether fur or feathers or strength or swiftness† (Hamilton, p. 71, 1942). The Creation of Man in Mythological description has been plenty. The above paragraph is just one account of man’s mythological creation. However, despite the various accounts, one common theme occurs, and that is man is created by the inspiration of the image of the gods. Death is inevitable.  One question that would come to mind to those who wonder about the afterlife is how does it look like? Is there such truth regarding life after death? These questions attract attention and interest. There are many literary accounts about the afterlife. Understanding them can help give a rather broad description or even just possible options of what the afterlife might really look like. Dante’s Divine Comedy This series shows the three phases of the afterlife according to Dante. Used in a 1st person point of view story-telling, Dante discusses the different places after a man dies. These places attributes to how man lived on earth. The places are the effect of life’s justice. The three places that were tackled are Hell, Purgatory and Paradise which is Heaven. Hell was described to have 9 circles, while Purgatory has 7 terraces, and then the 9 spheres of Heaven. Despite the religious transcription of the Divine Comedy, there are no other literary work that has become more influential about the afterlife than this work by Dante. It almost clearly describes the possibility of the afterlife. Greek Mythology Greek Mythology has been the product of classical literary work. Despite its mythological sense, there has been a good comparison with regards to the afterlife. Greek Mythology consists of the Heavens which is ruled by Zeus, the Waters which lorded over by Poseidon, and the Underworld which is under the control of Hades. The Underworld is the place for the dead. It’s description is a place of shadows and spirits. Most Greek Myths took place in the Underworld. Being considered as a place where the mortals live on after death, the concept of the afterlife is clear in this Greek Mythological place. There are many aspects of how man should live life. The Bible suggests a lot of stories that assists man in living the right kind of way. There are so many inspiring stories that advises how man should roam the earth and in the end reach the common goal of life. There are two striking accounts about the struggles in life but in the end achieving a positive result. The following literary accounts showcase stories about the remarkable aspect of life. These two stories display an interesting and enlightening statement about life.

Computer technology: Friend or Foe? Essay

As we are living in a digital world, computer technology has become a huge part of human life. We use computers in almost every situation to study, to work or to relax. Despite the useful helps from computer technology, it also has some negative effects on people. The effects of computer technology in daily life are to make people lazier, to affect the personalities of children and on their education, and to cause health problems. Computers are useful tools that make people lazier. Since people are working with technology every day, they are relying more on their computers. They depend on the technology in every work even in a simple calculation. By that way, they use their brain less, they don’t have to think and study more and develop themselves only because they have computers to help them. Next, people are lazier to talk with others face-to-face. They use e-mail instead. As a result, they find it hard to express their feelings when they talk with others in person. Computers can have massive effects on the personalities of children and on their education. In modern life, computers are so popular that even young kids know how to use them. As a consequence, children become addicted to computers at very young ages. They spend too much time playing on computers instead of doing their homework or playing sports with other kids. Moreover, parents cannot control what their children do with their computers. There are some bad programs or websites that are not suitable for kids. Lastly, children don’t use their imaginations because computers have offered them the whole virtual world. Therefore, they cannot create picture in their own minds and that limit their creativity. Using computers also causes health problems. The more people spend time with computer the less time they have for exercises. In fact, some people prefer surfing the internet more than playing sports. In addition, more people have to deal with illness such as obesity and eye problems because they use computers without discipline. Many people suffer problems related to sitting  incorrectly, or for too long in front of their computers. Headaches, back pains and sleeping disorders are the main problems. These health problems by using computers incorrectly can lead to a person `s poor attention, they cannot concentrate on their work that they may cause accident to themselves or others. In conclusion, it is good to know some effects of computers on our life style, our health and our children `s behaviors to avoid. Nowadays, computers play an important role in life. Computer is essential by the ways we using it. The computers become a most significant priority in every house. People use c omputers in different type of work but using it in a right way is also important. A computer may help us in some parts of life and it also has some negative effects. We should consider using computers effectively and not rely on them too much.

What do you understand by the phrase 'moral panic' Please Essay

Moral Panic - Essay Example This paper illustrates that yo perfectly understand a moral panic, it is essential to have efficient knowledge of what morals are and what panic is, with this, it shall be clear as to how and why the term moral panic came to being, therefore, the topics of discussion in this essay will be morals, panics, moral panic, and how the media is said to be responsible for creating moral panic. Butts explains that the concept of morality is borrowed from the Latin word, denoted as â€Å"moral†. He further goes on to denote that it means a message or lesson that is learned, through an outcome of a given event or a narration. It majorly concerns or relates to what is considered right or wrong in society. Morals are passed from one individual to another is society through socialization which is one of the key functions of the various institutions that exists in society namely the family, religion, the school and many more. These institutions majorly use literature among the very many medi a that exists to pass down morals from one generation to another. This is normally done through the use of literature that explains fictional stories such as Goosebumps. These stories served as an avenue of entertainment but also as a source of morals because they informed, improved, and instructed their readership or audience, for example, the novels by Dickens Charles, over the years have been a great source of morality. This is because Charles Dickens has extensively written on the various social and economic ills that face the society. Charles Dickens, in his book, David Copperfield talks extensively on the economic and social ills of the society. Panic, on the other hand, is the sudden feeling of fear that is usually very great at particular instances that it replaces reasonable thinking with overwhelming agitation as well as anxiety. Panic might be experienced by an individual or get experienced by a group of people all at once at times referred to as panic of the mass or mass panic.

Sacred Time Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sacred Time - Essay Example tice, and the art and clearly marked sacred spaces.†1 Many times people have relied on their dreams in order to make predictions or help them in their daily lives by providing them guidance. Dreams can be very helpful to people who are looking for answers in their lives, and dreams were used in several different religions to make sense of the world around the people who were dreaming. My most sacred space in my own personal life is in my room in the house. I always make sure to close the door whenever I come in, so that I don’t let in â€Å"bad airs,† also called malos aires in Spanish. Of course, I’m sure that sounds a little bit superstitious, but I am always careful about things which I see as sacred in my personal life. I regard and take care of stones which have power, and I don’t see anything New-Agey about that at all†¦it is just my way of belief. I believe in the power of stones. Their energies can subsequently help or hurt someone. The truth is, all of life and the entire earth is sacred. We must learn how to use these spaces every

Management & Health Information Systems Assignment

Management & Health Information Systems - Assignment Example This study would therefore, like to use a system that utilizes reporting programs to view trends of patients under patient care. This is to be adopted as a Clinical Data Repository (CDR) project with clear objectives and deliverables. 1. Project scope: This report will study clinical components that will constitute an integrated Clinical Data Repository (CDR) which will allow the elements to be fed into it ultimately allowing family physicians and doctors to view holistically the attributes of a patient while enhancing the quality of healthcare given to patients. Family members will be able to qualify for incentives like bonuses and patient oriented medical home rewarding programs. There is a principle engine that comprises a mix of elements to guarantee a clinical decision. This project will involve creating a secure Clinical Data Repository that is able to provide data of patients under authorized access. The objectives of this project will be: i) Assess how family physicians will maximize their professional quality care given to patients ii) Examine how family members will benefit from the bonuses and reward systems facilitated by CDR project. iii) Explore the strategies of bringing on board a more secure clinical data repository. Outputs of the project will prioritize the needs of both physicians and patients, creating a patient-doctor relationship. This project will cost $ 23,000 to meet personnel and technical costs with International Health Research Institute (IHRI) being the key sponsor. It is expected to be done 14 months to cover 9 tasks. Tasks will include data collection, system design, implementation, tests and project go live. Time implications and focus will be on how the outcomes of the feasibility studies have on planning and implementation of the project. The progress of the project will be communicated by the project manager at regular basis. This project is expected to commence on 30 June 2012 The report will also be issued at completion of the project August 2013. Project duration: 14 months 2. Project outlines business case - purpose & rationale: Health institutions continue to experience delays in receiving payer contracts because of the indecisiveness brought by irregular procedures and managerial bureaucracies. The CDR project will allow for maximization of health informatics expertise through quick report generation, easy collection of benchmark data and data ownership. Electronic health records are crucial in hospital administration but owing to insufficiency of tools to perform such tasks, family physicians have been at the receiving end. Analysis from feasibility studies has shown that existing patients’ data reporting programs are weak and bureaucratic. Aligning this function will bring more benefits to both physician and patients during treatment and claims from health insurers. Process claims will be done quickly and pay-for-performance incentives will be due on time. The benefits can be tabulated as below. 3. Options for project delivery: During the phase of project implementation, information system designers can use different ways to execute their work. Conventional methods used in the IT industry today are being challenged by clients and consultants in an attempt to reduce time wastage, limit

How Children Learn Mathematics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

How Children Learn Mathematics - Essay Example To help the students with such problems, teachers and parents should provide various representations with meaning and be positive in their approach to discussing mathematical issues. There are strategies in teaching mathematics that may reduce some of the problems. All authors believe that teachers should use a variety of representations and even some relatively unconventional tools. Mental mathematics, linking cubes, drawings, mental images, concrete materials, equations, base-ten blocks, computer programs can all be used with the goal of students to find the representations they personally can manipulate (physically and or mentally) with most ease and meaning. By choosing the representation that represents how they personally think, students can attach meaning to the situation and it becomes more accessible (Fennell, 2001, 288). Parents should also learn their childrens learning style even if it differs from their own. Parents are also encouraged to "pretend" they enjoy mathematics and can do them "as well and anybody" (Dedyna, 2002, Press). For Thompson, one of the simplest ways of teaching vocabulary is to explain the concepts first, and then attach the term to it. This strategy can be used in conjunction with etymologies (word origins) because when students know these roots, they can make connections between common English words with which they are familiar and mathematics terms. Many students from elementary to high school have the same problems with understanding mathematics. One of students biggest problems is the inability to represent their thinking. Representations can be oral, numeric, drawn, concrete, on a computer, etc. A student may understand a problem in its oral form, for example, but the written version of the same problem may stump the student because they incorrectly make the transition from the words and symbols on the paper to their mind when they attempt to

Compare Two Types of Music Eras Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Compare Two Types of Music Eras - Essay Example This esssay stresses that the popular forms of music have taken over Western Culture, with the more artistic forms of music losing their niche in the world. Orchestra attendance is dropping all around the world due to this widening gap between what people listen to in the world. Also, modern composers have created some very interesting and complex music however the modern audience wants nothing to do with these complex and intricate forms of musical art. This article makes a conculusion that the advancements of music recording and the recording industry have also been great. Musical recording is able to do things with the composition and recording of music that would make past generations quake, and the vast possibilities that are possible with this new technology is amazing; even to someone like me who is not a fan of the modern music age. Despite what else the modern age has done, it’s contributions to music recording and technology have really increased the myriad of possibilities for anybody who wants to go into electronic music or the recording or music. Despite the advancements we have seen in the Modern Age, it has done nothing to compete with the huge musical development of other ages, such as the Middle Age. The rift that has developed has left the art forms of music in the dust, and I cannot advocate this by any means. Hopefully we will see a return to the artier forms of music one day.

Ethics of the Sale of Body Parts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 4

Ethics of the Sale of Body Parts - Essay Example The Anatomical Gift Act, drafted in 1968 was the initial effort made in an attempt to give a tissue and organ donation policy (Talbot, 2012). It created a uniform legal procedure for people who wished to donate organs to medical institutions. In this act that is operational in up to fifty states, it states that a person of sound mind and 18 years of age can donate part or all of his body. The donor may put his wish to donate a body part in a will that is operational only upon his death. This act forbade the sale of body parts, but the recipient of the donated body part is to pay for the transportation of the donated organ or body part. Organs and tissues can only be received by surgeons, hospitals, physicians and educational institutions in medical or dental research. There is also a National Organ Transplant Act of 1984 that provides funds for the establishment of organ procurement organization. The act also banned the sale of organs between states and established a task force to en force policy issues regarding organ transplantation. The following body parts can be donated in the United States. They include the heart, kidney, lungs, skin, eyes and the liver. These parts of the body get harvested as soon as one passes on and become implanted onto someone else. Despite the medical and legal mechanisms that encourage organ donation, demand exceeds supply. It gets estimated that there are daily reports of deaths of up to 8 people as a result of waiting for a transplant that never came. On medical conditions associated with each body part to be donated, it is up to the doctor to decide if the body part if fit for transplanting. Regardless of one’s illness when they die, some parts of their body may still get transplanted. Some infectious diseases, drug abuse history and general health of the donor become considered before acceptance of any donation. The lungs of a tobacco smoker may be turned down as chances of them being helpful are so minimal. To avoid suc h a scenario where body parts get rejected, it is crucial to note that an individual has to be healthy and medically fit to allow any of his body part donations. He or she should not have any history of drug use or abuses as this are contributory to rejection of a body part donation (Talbot, 2012). If one has kidney failure, he or she has to go through a process for the acquisition of a donated kidney to be transplanted. Kidney transplantation is the process where there is fixation of a healthy kidney from one person to another. The new kidney replaces the failed kidney. The process of acquisition of a transplant begins as soon as one’s kidney fails. Transplantation as a result of failure depends on one’s condition (Talbot, 2012). Some conditions make it impossible for implants. If implantation is possible, then the patient undergoes medical evaluation at the transplant center. The pre transplant process involves several weeks or even months. X-rays and blood samples g et carried out to ascertain one’s compatibility with the available donated kidneys. Evaluation of one’s health and also of the donor gets done at this stage. Once the patient passes the medical evaluation and is a suitable recipient, but without a donor, then he or she is put on a waiting list for as long as a kidney is there from a dead donor. The length of one’s wait depends on one’s location and the donor’s region (Petersen & Freckelton,2006). The length of

Article 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Article 2 - Essay Example Mesenchymal cells can be induced into allocated tissues such as ischemic tissues found in the cortex. It is also significant to note that placenta, a small temporary organ, comprises of chorion and amnion where amniotic Mesenchymal and chorionic Mesenchymal cells are obtained (Miao and Yun-Yun 682). It was discovered that when Mesenchymal stem cells were implanted into Ischemic tissues, they produced therapeutic benefit since the cells had neuron-like cell transplantation that is used in treating cerebral ischemia. It was interesting to note that when Mesenchymal stem cells were applied, morphological changes such as condensed body cells were seen in some cells with majority of these cells revealing neural-like changes. More so, morphological changes showed differentiated or multiplied cells with a marker for astorcytes and neural progenitor cells that treated cerebral Ischemia (Miao and Yun-Yun 688-9). This is a clear indication that cell replacement medication is being developed as an attempt to cure central nervous system damage and illness. For instance, when Mesenchymal cells were implanted in a rats’ cortex, it showed cell survival and multiplication thus leading to recovery of normal functioning of central nervous system. The cells were injected in the rats’ ischemic tissues and enhanced neurological performance and balance. Miao, Zhung and Yun-Yun, Zu. Isolation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Human Placenta: Comparison of Mesenchymal Stem Cells with Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Biology, 30:680-690,

Partnership for sexual health promotion in adolescent Essay

Partnership for sexual health promotion in adolescent - Essay Example The partnership approach is appropriate to PHC as it focuses on active involvement and self-care actions of individuals and community members in maintaining health and preventing disease. To adequately address sexual health promotion among adolescents, it is vital that a partnership gets fostered between community based organizations- CBO’s, schools, health practitioners, and health facilities. The ever-decreasing resources has made healthcare to become expensive for most individuals and communities. Focus has shifted to individuals and communities to partake in their own prevention, maintenance, and promotion of health. The partnership approach is vital in promoting self-care action and the active involvement of individuals and communities in their own health promotion (Courtney et al, 1996). The partnership model seeks at bringing together different stakeholders for the sole purpose of promoting health. The partnership model emphasizes the formation of a new working relation ship between the various stakeholders to promote health. The stakeholders involved in the promotion of health within a community include; CBO’s, health practitioners such as nurses, health facilities such as clinics, and schools. To effectively promote sexual health, there is need to foster a partnership between these various stakeholders so as to develop a working relationship between them. Partnerships allow for definition of problems, setting priorities, designing solutions, and defining leadership roles among the partners. All partners need to be actively involved in the process of health promotion. Changes occurring in health care delivery have called for new models motivated by leadership organizations. The partnership model originated from the recommendation of lay-professional partnerships that call for active participation of community members and not their passive participation (Bernal et al, 2004). Partnerships ensure that communities get to participate in achievin g health by supporting self-care, community self-reliance, and developmental changes. The partnership model seeks at enhancing capabilities and empowerment of communities and individual to act on their own in health promotion. The partnership model proposes that professionals should support the community and individuals to take effective action by themselves to promote health (Courtney et al, 1996). The partnership model describes the partners as active participants who get involved with the process of mutually determining actions and goals that promote health and well-being. The main goal of the partnership process is to encourage the capacity of individual and community partners to act more effectively on their own. The partnership process calls for special commitment and responsibility among member partners. There are several steps in developing a partnership process. The steps involved include; exploring potential partners, inviting partners, and finally undertaking partnership action. Adolescent sexual health in the US gets characterized by alarming rates of sexually transmitted infections- STI’s (Irwin, 1997). A more holistic and ecological approach is necessary to promote sexual health among adolescents in the country. This approach focuses on non-traditional partnerships between

Steam Coal Crushing Plant Essay Example for Free

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Disadvantages Of In Store Shopping Marketing Essay

Disadvantages Of In Store Shopping Marketing Essay ABSTRACT: SHOPPING: In this paper I would like to investigate about the topic depends upon shopping. In shopping there are two ways to purchase the product. One is online shopping and other one is In-store shopping. Every human being is aware of shopping even for a small product. ONLINE SHOPPING: Online shopping is the most easiest and perfect way for the people to purchase their products. Most of the people addicted to online shopping. Thousands of websites are available for online shopping. Online shopping is thus very helpful for the people who purchase the product in daily basis. To purchase the product through online, customer should own a pc or laptop. It is not in particular that he should own pc or laptop. But main thing is the computer, if people need to purchase through online. Now a day the world is growing enormously in many technologies. Many modern new technology mobile phones do have internet facilities. So it is the other way for the people to purchase the product through mobile phones if they got internet connection. There are some requirements needed to purchase the product through online. A customer should have a valid email address, so that they get the confirmation of the product what they have ordered. The next thing is customer should have a pay-pal acc ount or credit/debit card to pay the amount for their product. If the payment is credited in sellers account the product will be delivered through postage to the concerned address of the customer within the due date mentioned. And there are advantages and disadvantages in online shopping. They are going to be listed below. ADVANTAGES OF ONLINE SHOPPING: With the advent of ubiquitous technology, the trend of online shopping has gained increasing popularity. Additionally, in an age where businesses have become highly competitive, online shopping is viewed as a means to reach consumers worldwide.  Ã‚  There are several online shopping websites that offer a range of products and services to customers. The primary advantage of online shopping is regarded as convenience. This factor encompasses both time and effort spent on shopping. Many consumers believe that is easier to find a product online, as opposed to finding it in a store. Further, online shopping provides one with the luxury to shop from any preferred location and no time is wasted on travel from ones home to a store. Moreover, the availability of Internet without any time restrictions enables shoppers to spend as much time as they need in choosing a product. Another beneficial characteristic of online shopping is the availability of reviews on a chosen product. There are multiple forums for consumers to exchange information online and make a wiser, more informed decision. In addition to the benefits it offers to individuals, online shopping saves human labour as customers help themselves by browsing online and do not require assistance. Moreover, consumers are more inclined to make a decision solely based on their preferences as they are freed from the pressure to buy from vendors. Online shopping also offers consumers with an infinite variety to choose from, as the Internet is not restricted by geographical boundaries. Shoppers have the option of browsing through a wide range that has the potential to satisfy them. Product comparison, by way of price, features, etc. is more easily facilitated with online shopping, whilst involving minimal effort. DISADVANTAGES: Although there are advantages to online shopping, there are a number of demerits as well. On account of privacy issues, many people do not shop online. This is regarded as the primary reason for non-online shoppers. Credit card fraud and use of personal information for other purposes are other major concerns.  Ã‚   Another concern is around inability to experience fully functional products, such as apparel, perfume, electronics, etc. online. Illustratively, many consumers feel apprehensive about purchasing clothes as they cannot feel the texture or check the colour closely online, when compared to shopping in a retail store.  Ã‚  This goes on to show that product category risk is a significant disadvantage to online shopping. Put differently, many online shoppers feel that products may not be as functional as they appear when viewed online. Another disadvantage that comes to the forefront is that despite having a plethora of choices online, consumers may have limited cognitive resources and in all likelihood, may not be able to process potentially vast amounts of information.  Ã‚  Additionally, in this day and age, shopping is more than choosing and buying a product. It is often regarded as a good means to making social connections. People enjoy shopping with friends and family and this joy may be lost when shopping independently online. Finally, as is evident, the use of a computer and an Internet connection is a pre-requisite for online shopping. This ensures that only consumers above a certain income and those that are technologically well versed avail of the facility. INSTORE SHOPPING: In-store shopping, in the recent years has faced a strong competition with online shopping. It is not an easy task to rate the better mode of shopping and both means have their highs and lows. While a mass of people might still prefer shopping in store due to aesthetics and convenience, some others who are more well- versed with the internet and its usages would opt for shopping online as that is more feasible for them. Online and in store shopping may be compared in terms of convenience, quality checks, aesthetics, special offers and method of payment. Given below are some advantages and disadvantages of in store shopping: ADVANTAGES OF IN STORE SHOPPING: The main advantage of in-store shopping is the ability to visibly see the products while buying them. Transactions are immediate and there is no need to wait for products to be shipped and delivered to you. There are no issues facing customers such as tracking parcels, shipment to wrong addresses, etc making in- store shopping all the more easy to handle. When it comes to food articles, for instance it is essential to be aware of the manufactured and expiry dates, quality standards of the products as well as thorough comparison between various brands and product ranges. Another convenience is the ability to choose your method of payment- be it via a credit card or by cash. You also have the enjoyment of shopping in store with appropriate ambiences and customer services provided by staff. You receive adequate information on products if need be and can depend on shop floor assistants to help you out with any queries. Since there is no usage of the internet and computer during in- store shopping it eliminates the fear of privacy issues relating to bank details and debit/ credit numbers. With rising chances of frauds in todays world of business, people prefer to be more precautious and shop in- store. (Associated content, 2007). Although a majority of the world is now becoming tech savvy, there is still a major portion of the world that dislikes the use of computers and the internet and would prefer buying their products in- store. DIS- ADVANTAGES OF IN- STORE SHOPPING: The main disadvantage would be in terms of convenience. People may not have the time to leisurely commit to shopping in- store and therefore prefer buying products online. Customers who prefer a wide range of products under one roof may not find shopping in- store ideal due to its limited reliability. Availability of stocks can also be an issue if inefficient stock controls exist. Another key drawback is the disability to access stores 24 hours. People who work late hours prefer ordering products online as it is inconvenient to them to find to visit stores. Another disadvantage of in- store shopping can be the lack of discounted prices and offers around the year. It is witnessed that stores have sales and best buys only on occasions such as Christmas, New Year, etc. As opposed to this online shopping, for example is viable to have discounts throughout the year attracting many more customers who prefer this mode of shopping. Due to the need of efficient staff and assistants in the sto ck rooms and shop floors, inefficiencies of the same can cause a huge damage to reputation of the company in relation to customer service and availability of products. This also goes with customers being treated with dis-respect by members of staff and not providing the right information. Although in- store shopping has its disadvantages, it should be stated that it is still a much sought after method of shopping. DATA COLLECTION: For researching this type of problem there are numerous ways in data collection. This data collection is used to collect the data from the people to know what they think from their side by looking our data. FOCUS GROUP: Focus group interview is called as qualitative data collection. The focus group interview is a challenge for most researchers. It is a group of people interview. The focus group interview is the method used by the members of people to collect the data. The focus group interview is conducting with 10 to 15 people. In focus group we will get different answers from different people and will be an argument with them while doing the interview. The interviewer will gather much information about their topic what they focussed on the focus group with the people. In focus group the information gathered by the interviewer makes a good statistics for their topic to investigate. They will get valid points for their topic from the focus group interview people and will do their research with their conclusions. QUESTIONNAIRE: Questionnaire is the other methods to collect data. Questionnaire method is called as quantitative data collection. It is the best way to gather large amount of data from the people in a possible way. The questionnaire satisfies the user needs. It allows a person who answers a request for information carefully without when someone tries to interfere in a situation like interview. By doing this questionnaire we can gather large amount of information from people at the same time. The way of questionnaire is standard, because it has many more objective comparing with interviews. The questionnaire is the shortest way to gather information from the people because we will give the choice to pick one among them. So people who are participating in the questionnaire dont need to waste their time to think for their answers. Options will be provided in the questionnaire. So the people who are conducting questionnaire will get the response easily from the participants for their answers. INTERVIEW: In interview there are many ways. But the interview stands as a main and major part in human beings life. Everyone do attend interview to get in a high position and for the money. Without interview the world in empty. Interview makes the man perfect. Thus interview proves the person bout their ability, strength and weakness. Face to face interview plays a major role in interview. There are many interview methods are there. They are In-depth interview Direct interview Formal interview Informal interview Structured interview Unstructured interview This is also one of the way to collect data collection. STATISTICAL DATA: Age 18-25 26-35 36-50 Above 50 Gender Male Female Ethnic Background White British Asian (Please Specify) ___________________________________________________ Asian British Black or Black British-African What kind of shopping do you prefer? On-line shopping In-store shopping Do you have internet facility at your home? Yes No Do you think On-line shopping saves your time? Yes No Do you have basic computer knowledge? Yes No How often do you purchase? Most Often Often Rarely Average Never What do you mostly buy through online? Clothes Gadgets Tickets Food Beverages All the above Others (Please specify)_____________________________ What makes you to purchase the product? Brand-name Quality Cost Depends upon the shop Do you think paying money for the product in online is secure? Yes No Not sure What service would you prefer for settling the amount? Pay-pal Credit/ debit Cheque Cash Is Variety of globally product the Factors Influencing Online Shopping Decision? Strongly agree Agree Average Disagree Strongly disagree Null Hypothesis H0: There is no difference between the shopping trends of UCLAN students, considering the students who shop online and the students who shop in-store, all the students belonging to UCLAN. Alternative Hypotheses H1: There is a difference between the shopping trends of UCLAN students, considering the students who shop online and the students who shop in-store, all the students belonging to UCLAN. NULL HYPOTHESIS H0: Considering question 4 8 from questionnaire o find Null Hypothesis. What kind of shopping do you prefer? On-line shopping In-store shopping How often do you purchase? Most Often Often Rarely Average Never CONTINGENCY TABLE R: To find the contingency R the question 8 is splitted with question 4 to find the test result R. Most Often Often Rarely Average Online Shopping 26 12 4 8 In-store Shopping 13 8 4 5 Most Often and Often are merged in Most Often/Often. Most Often/Often Rarely Average Online Shopping 38 4 8 In-store shopping 21 4 5 The total no of Online Shopping and In-store Shopping Most Often/Often Rarely Average Total Online Shopping 38 4 8 50 In-store shopping 21 4 5 30 To find the value of E: (Row total * column total) E = Overall total The E should be calculated by Most Often/Often Rarely Average O E O E O E Online shopping 38 36.875 4 5 8 8.125 In-store Shopping 21 22.125 4 3 5 4.875 CHI SQUARE: TEST STATISTICS: X 2 = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ [(O-E)2/E] Observed Frequency (O) Expected Frequency(E) [(O-E)2/E] 38 36.875 0.034 21 22.125 0.057 4 5 0.2 4 3 0.333 8 8.125 0.001 5 4.875 0.03 Total 0.655 X 2 = 0.655 CRITICAL VALUES: Degree of freedom is calculated by Critical Values. Degree Of Freedom= ( rows 1) * ( columns 1) = (2 1) * ( 3- 1) = 2 Degrees of freedom 5% significance level 1% significance level 0.1% significance level 2 5.99 9.21 13.82 The values calculated by chi square x2 > 5%, 1% and 0.1%. The value of x2= 0.655 is not a in a significance level for 5% level. Hence there is a strong statement for null hypothesis stating that there is no difference between the shopping trends of UCLAN students, considering the students who shop online and the students who shop in-store, all the students belonging to UCLAN. So there will be no use of testing alternative test.

Bartleby the Scrivener by Herman Melville: An Analysis

Bartleby the Scrivener by Herman Melville: An Analysis Bartleby the Scrivener was written by Herman Melville in 1853. The book is about a scrivener named Bartleby, and he continuously answers peoples questions with I would prefer not to (Melville 9). In this short story, Melville is asking his readers what makes people stand out from the crowd, and what makes us individual, independent, and unique? Independence and individuality definitely both have a big role in this story. While being independent and unique are two great things to be, there is a point when you can take it too far, to the point where it starts to affect your life. Conflict often produces character and at times will reveal it. Bartleby is an efficient copyist for a successful lawyer at an office building, but he is a quiet and anti-social man. Though he continues to work well as a copyist, he refuses to help or do any other tasks for the office people, and/or repeatedly says I would prefer not to (10). Bartleby is always in the office either working or looking out of dim window (19) in the sad, and dark world he lives in. The workers then find out that he lives at the office, and his refusal to do nothing but work grows at a much larger scale. As this problem grows, Bartleby announces that he will no longer work as a copyist, and then prefers to stay and live in the office building and do no work. Finally, he is strictly and firmly asked to leave by the lawyer and his workers, but, he still does not leave. Rather than taking more severe measures to get Bartleby out of the office, the lawyer moves his operation to a different office. After that, another practice moves into the building and they find out tha t Bartleby, the copyist from the previous practice is still living there. The new people complain, but the new people are told that Bartleby does not seem to be able to leave. After trying to deal with Bartleby staying there, they call the police to arrest him and bring him to prison. The story concludes with Bartleby refusing to do anything and not eat in prison, and Bartleby dies from starvation. To conclude things, the narrator/lawyer informs his readers/workers that Bartleby was previously a clerk in a dead letter office who sorted through the mail, leaving readers wondering if these dead letters somehow influenced Bartleby. In the short story, the characters attitudes towards Bartleby changes as Bartleby changes. In the beginning, the lawyer, Turkey, Nippers, and Ginger Nut do not really pay attention to him, but since he refuses to do other work for the office, they start to get mad. Except Turkey seems to have the same attitude towards Bartleby throughout the story, he is a drunk copyist who has an uncontrollable temper, and through the story, he continues to hate Bartleby and wants to get violent. Also, Nippers, like his coworker Turkey, is just an ambitious, discontent, irritated, non-morning person and exactly like Turkey, he stays this way through the entire short story. The lawyer says, Nippers, the second on my list, was a whiskered, sallow, and, upon the whole, rather piratical-looking young man of about five and twenty. I always deemed him the victim of two evil powers-ambition and indigestion (7). Ginger Nut, does not have a pretty big role in the story, he is just a 12-year-old, the youngest worker, his biggest job/role is to get snacks and food for all the copyists. But there is the lawyer, and his attitude towards Bartleby is described in the next paragraph. The lawyers attitude towards Bartleby changes throughout the book from kind, to angry, to firm, to caring. The lawyer at first is kind like a gentleman would be when he first meets and hires Bartleby. He pays more attention to his work in the beginning and knows he is doing good at his job, but then he notices Bartleby and gets concerned when he will not do any other office tasks, then he gets quite angry when he finds out that Bartleby is living there. After that, Bartleby says he will not work as a copyist anymore, but he stays and lives in the office anyway, and now the lawyer must make a decision whether to kick him out, or to be nice and think of something else. The lawyer decides to be nice and offer Bartleby a place in his home, but Bartleby does not take his offer. Then, the lawyer gets strict and firmly asks him to leave the office, but he says no, so the lawyer moves the whole operation to a different office. The lawyer and the workers move to a new office, but Bartleby sta ys there. Afterward, the new people at the building call the police on Bartleby and take him to prison where he does not want to do anything, eat, or talk to anyone. Lastly, the lawyer goes to visit him and try to talk to him but Bartleby does not want to talk to him, the lawyer tries to talk some sense into him but it does not work, Bartleby continues to not eat and he starves himself to death. The lawyer becomes very curious how this all started and he finds out what may have started all of this weird behavior from Bartleby. The behavior of Bartleby is a mystery and it is kind of funny but in a weird way, but besides his seriousness and the level of his refusal, he does not change at all throughout the whole story. He starts off like a pretty normal guy, he does his work right, but then he refuses to do anything, eat, or leave the office. He dies and not much happens after that, the lawyer finds out that his previous job was working as clerk in a dead letter office sorting the letters for years. Possibly the dead letters influenced and changed his definition of life. Bartleby symbolizes a dead letter because the Lawyer thinks that after reading all those letters that were supposed to go to someone who is now dead or gone must have influenced Bartlebys perspective on life. Because Bartleby worked at a dead letter office for years, reading and sorting all of them, he is in the state of a dead man, like a dead letter that has never been opened. Bartleby also represents a dead letter because the narrator/lawyer is the sender of the letter, and he wishes to communicate with Bartleby but he can never get through him. This is one of the stronger explanations that explains Bartleby as a dead letter. The idea of undeliverable letters that speed to death, even when they go on errands of life (29). Finally, think about how conflict produces character and sometimes reveals it. There was some conflict between the lawyer and Bartleby, or between life and Bartleby. Because he feels like the lawyer possibly just added more stress in Bartlebys position, making him feel dead, this was kind of an example of failure to communicate. Nearly everything that happened leading up to Bartlebys death goes back to failure of communication or just more stress in the situation. This all revealed the character of Bartleby to the narrator since he found out that he worked in a dead letter office for years, reading and sorting letters, hundreds of failures to communicate entirely changed Bartlebys perspective on life and the meaning of working hard. Word Count: 1266

Stephen King :: essays research papers

The relief Stephen King's Constant Readers feel at seeing the first full-length novel from the horrormeister since his accident most likely overshadows the weaknesses they might find in an effort that, while not King's best, is neither his worst. Set partially in the Derry, Maine, of It and Insomnia, and with shades of Tommyknockers in its subject matter, Dreamcatcher hearkens back to It and that novel's theme of the lifelong endurance of childhood friendships -- especially when something unspeakable bound those long-ago children to one another. Four men meet for their annual deer hunting party deep in the Maine woods in a cabin full of happy memories. Though they've inevitably grown apart, their childhood ties are still strong. In the cabin's great room hangs a Native American dreamcatcher, strings woven about sticks said to have the power to protect slumbering humans from night terrors. This year, though, that hanging talisman will prove scant protection against an unearthly horror that will require sacrifices of the highest order from the knot of friends. The animals are fleeing the surrounding forest, for they sense the unwelcome visitors whose precursors were the spate of recent strange lights in the New England sky. For Pete, Beaver, Henry and Jonesy, the nightmare begins when a disoriented hunter named McCarthy stumbles into their camp. The situation quickly degenerates. McCarthy unwittingly plays host to a deadly parasitic creature and brings a rapidly multiplying fungal growth into the midst of the group. While the childhood friends battle an inexplicable and implacable enemy, a government covert operations team seals off the area. Their plan: to destroy all evidence of a threatening alien invasion like nothing the pulp sci-fi purveyors has prepared the world for. Led by a man who is quite possibly insane, the black ops unit will stop at nothing to contain the menace -- including the slaughter of the bewildered hunters they've herded from the surrounding forest. Even so, the government's answer is insufficient to the problem. The combined will of the four men, and their reunion with the dying boy-man whose uniqueness bound them all together so wondrously those years ago, is the only hope against the unrelenting usurper from the heavens. The very best part of Dreamcatcher is undoubtedly the magic of the boys' relationship in the flashbacks to an earlier Derry. The easy way their small circle assimilates a specially-gifted Down's Syndrome child breaks your heart with its glimpse of humanity's potential actualized.

The Trials Of Toilet Training :: essays research papers fc

The Trials of Toilet Training Toilet training is difficult for both parent and child. Based on the research of two psychologists, Nathan Azrin and Richard Foxx, the average child can be fully trained in less than four hours. They began their training with mentally handicapped adults and successfully taught 95% in three days. With the added emphasis on language and verbal rehearsal they attempted to teach children and were astounded at the results. Their methods eliminate the fear damaging the child's psyche by making toilet training a pleasant experience. The child is not simply toilet "trained", he is toilet "educated", that is, the complete process from knowing it's time to emptying the pot and flushing the waste down, all unsupervised. Any parent would agree, this is incredible. They use a combination of the same principals used in Practical Applications of Psychology. The overall objective is to teach the child to toilet himself with the same independence as an adult without the need for reminders, continued praise, or assistance. This method is rapid because of the variety of learning techniques. Learning by imitation, learning by teaching, a partial reinforcement schedule with rewards that increase the need and the negative reinforcement of disapproval are all employed. Children learn best by imitation and teaching with the aid of a hollow doll. The child gives the doll a drink then is told the doll has to "peepee" and he must help her. After the child assists in removing the doll's pants, the liquid is released. The child must observe the flow of liquid. into the potty chair. The adult and the child then praise the doll and the child then assists the doll in redressing and emptying the pot in the standard toilet and flushes. Then the child is instructed to ask is the doll is dry and feel her pants. If they are dry the doll gets a treat. The child is then asked if he is dry; if he is, he can then eat the doll's treat. After two or three drills, distract the child and cause and 'accident' by spilling some liquid on the doll's pants. When the child discovers the wetness, use instructions and guidance to help the child correct the doll. First, let the doll know he is displeased, "Big girls don't wet their pants." Second, the child helps the doll practice again on the potty then back to the scene of the accident. Since the pants will still be wet, this can be continued three times. Then have the child feel his own pants, and if they are dry he is rewarded with

Compare newspaper articles: “Asylum meltdown” (the sun 20/01/03) with “The fight for tolerance” the (guardian 20/01/03)

As part of my GCSE Citizenship coursework I had to compare two newspaper articles [â€Å"Asylum meltdown† (the sun 20/01/03) with â€Å"The fight for tolerance† the (guardian 20/01/03)] and discuss to an extent their point of views, their language, effectiveness, typographic techniques, and persuasiveness on the issue and then give my point of view, explaining clearly my ideas with references to evidence. The sun gives an angry report of the increasing number of asylum seekers and the immense irreversible damage this is causing our economic system shaking its very foundations. The article is completely one sided i.e. anti asylum seekers, labelling them all under one group – illegal immigrants who are causing terror and most are Muslims (Algerians, Ethiopians†¦) To get its point across it uses exaggerated facts and charts which will only help it get its readers angry and outraged. It used couched in vocabulary, designed to inflame anti- asylum seekers feelings. It describes asylum seekers with words or phrases such as ‘illegal immigrants that swarm into Britain', ‘claiming benefits at the expense of tax payers', ‘taking advantage', ‘using Britain as doormat ‘, ‘asylum madness', etc. It uses bold letters to emphasise the failure of our government to control the problems , ‘fails', ‘generous handouts', ‘time for action'. The sun has titled its article ‘Asylum meltdown' reflecting that the situation needs to be cracked, asylum seekers need to be sorted and the government needs to be revived. They used a picture effective in its purpose to support a negative and imbalanced article. The picture shows asylum seekers masked and crossing barriers, a representation of the border of the country, showing us that instead of using the gate they are coming in illegally. Its banner â€Å"Read this and get angry† is bold and highlighted summarising the whole article. The article is about how, now it's time for action against asylum seekers, for they are going to lead our economy to a downfall. The whole affair is causing us great loses, it implies as new school, houses and hospitals would need to be build to suffice the added demand on these already stretched resources. The letter to the Prime minister is the pushing object of the article. The guardian's â€Å"fight for tolerance† takes a different prospective on the issue. It say's that ‘the panic over asylum seekers is only the first part of a war that will be waged against liberal values'. M. Bunting is saying that this problem over asylum seekers is not something that is new but has always been the case, that is, natural fear like at the time of the Nazis. The newspapers are making the situation worse (like the Sun) by exaggerating and interpreting the wrong ideas. One minute the Algerians were considered terrorist the next moment all the asylum seekers are classed as terrorist. Not just one but lots of newspapers are doing this which is causing unwarranted panic. It does not matter if an immigrant changes his name today, for he cannot escape the racial suspicions surrounding asylum seekers. Today there is a risk of interracial terrorism it does not matter which side of the political system a person stands. There are two sides to the problem, asylum seekers have the right to seek help and asylum but under the suspicion of terrorism. The fact that Islamic foreigners can be terrorist seems frightening. As the economy grew, many thought that things would improve but that does not seem to be the case. Liberal views have led to many problems for they have no qualms about allowing people of different race and nationality to immigrate but doctrine religious intolerance. The in secularity needs to be lost, what remains is to ask ‘is individual freedom is more important than national security'? The Guardian places a rational argument which lays out facts and historical data than is asking the reader to exercise his mind and be tolerant. The readers of the guardian are the middle class well educated people who would not accept the Sun's point of view since it is bias and directed towards the lower working class individuals who are â€Å"sheep that are lead†. The Guardians language is to stir intellectual abilities. They have a sophisticated vocabulary and a complex argument. The poster they use is quite reprehensive of a disaster or a chaotic situation. The poster is screaming out â€Å"What is the world coming to?† Both the sun and the guardian have a different target audience and are persuasive in their area. The sun is for the lower working class as already understood and thus it is stirring its readers just to believe what they read. The sun does not allow its readers to think for them selves and they will not think for themselves. The sun exaggerates and is unbiased. The guardian though is asking its readers to think and thus they both have a different point of view with different motives and aims. Therefore it is debateable as to which of them is more persuasive. I personally am a strong supporter of the guardian's article which argues that what we are doing is wrong. As a nation we need to consider our security and safety but we cannot class all asylum seekers as terrorists for they have rights over us and we need to understand their pain or suffering that have lead many genuine asylum seekers here, which we cannot understand sitting in a centrally heated house with all the basic luxuries and talking. Thus we need to â€Å"fight for tolerance†.

A Decision of Uncertainty Paper Essay

Just recently, this past spring my cell phone contract recently expired after a continuous extension of over lapping contracts for over ten years. I have decided to finally upgrade my cell phone. The saturated cellular device industry can meet various consumer needs just depending on how sophisticated of a device is needed. The new and advanced iPhone 5 is a huge investment for a cellular phone. The retail price for iPhone 5 ranges from an additional $199 with a two year contract and $500 compared to the contract price AT&T offers. If a consumer signs a two-year contract plan to purchase the phone at a reduced price and incentive. See more: Ethnic groups and racism essay Due to financial restrictions and the holidays, I decided to purchase the phone and my contract price for the phone during the 2012 Christmas holidays. â€Å"Through my research and compliance with my constraints, the most opportune time to† (UOP, 2010, Week Three Supplement) upgrade my phone is reasonable during the holidays. Most cell phone companies such as AT&T and Sprint offer huge savings when multiple agreements are made. An iPhone investment could be costly because the standard warranty does not cover accidental damage. The accidental damage insurance, for an additional 48% one-time fee off the contract price, provides consumers with a peace of mind by providing two year coverage for hardware repair, drops, fumbles, slips, and water damage. Purchasing a high costly device means comes with the decisions on whether to purchase the contract price iPhone and not worry about accidental insurance; thus risk purchasing a replacement phone at retail cost or purchase the contract price iPhone and pay an extra 48% insurance fee, which adds to my spending and reallocate my budget for this phone. To decrease my decision of uncertainty; I have complied research on the new iPhone 5. My researched data set was from Business Wire and it provided a survey of 10,000 iPhones including their warranty claims. More important, my researched specified the hardware and accidental warranty claims. The claims all occurred within two years of purchase. Considering a voice plan and data plan would cost at least $1440 over the term of the contract. Another viable option is setting up an agreement with Cricket, which is better known as a pay as you go company. Cricket does offer an unlimited plan that could cost a consumer more than $5,500 over a two year agreement. Based on research from T3 the Gadget Website, the iPhone 5 is 20% daintier than the iPhone 4s, 16% less bulky than the Samsung Galaxy S3 and 14% lighter that the HTC One X. The iPhone 5 reviews have shown that it has a bigger screen, 4G capability and a better front facing cameras. However, the review also shows that the battery life is still not great, there are no iP5-specifice iOS 6 features and the old maps design is highly preferred. Now, it’s time to review the ten best features of the new Apple iPhone. * iPhone 5 will have a 4-inch screen * The new iPhone will be available in only black and white * iPhone 5 comes with Apples new â€Å"A6† processor, which runs twice as fast as the previous generation. * The phone has more than 200 new features in iOS 6 * You can update your Facebook status using SIRI * 8 MP camera, 3264Ãâ€"2448 resolution, five lens element lens, f2.4 aperture, 25% smaller * 8hrs LTE browsing, 10hrs Wi-Fi browsing, 40 hours music, 10hrs video, 225hrs standby * 802.11n 2.4Gz & 5GHz up tp 150Mbps, 802.11 a/b/g/n * The phone will have Now: DC-HSPDA, HDPA+ and LTE * Apples Retina Display 326 pixels per inch (ppi) The iPhone 5 is now available and many consumers will enjoy the new device but it has also started the clock on the next new iPhone. In a year from now, Apple will release a new and improved model of the iPhone. It may possibly be the iPhone 5s or the newly enhanced iPhone 6. My uncertainty still remains to upgrade gracefully to the iPhone 5 or sit tight and wait for the new and improved iPhone. References Future Publishing Limited. (n.d.). Retrieved November 14, 2012, from T3 The Gadget WEBSITE: www.t3.com ZEE NEWS LIMITED. (n.d.). ZEEBIZ.COM. Retrieved NOVEMBER 14, 2012, from WWW.ZEENEWS.INDIA.COM

Aggression in Sport essay

Introduction: Aggression in sport has always been a major issue. Whether it be insults thrown around a school yard playground during a game of football. To hateful attacks on other players, be it physical or verbal, in the premier division of any sport. It can be a problem for the individual who is acting aggressive, such as a disciplinary action or the recipient of the aggression, for example they could suffer injury as result.This can have a larger effect. Sporting teams can lose key players due to injury, because of an aggressive action or to disciplinary action, such as an athlete being sidelined for a number of weeks because of their aggressive behaviour. This can also cause problems for the sport’s governing body as a whole, and for these reasons, action must be taken to reduce athlete aggression in sport.Even the International Society of Sport Psychology recently recognized that sport aggression has become a social problem both on and off the playing field and has recom mended ways to curtail this behaviour (Tenenbaum, Stewart, Singer, & Duda, 1997) In this information sheet I will describe the different forms of aggression and how it can be dealt with. Definitions Of aggression: A forceful behaviour, action, or attitude that is expressed physically, verbally, or symbolically. It may arise from innate drives or occur as a defence mechanism, often resulting from a threatened ego.It is manifested by either constructive or destructive acts directed toward oneself or against others. (Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 8th edition.  © 2009, Elsevier) ‘Aggression is any behaviour that is intended to harm another individual by physical or verbal Means. ’ (Bull, 1990) ‘Aggression is any form of behaviour directed toward the goal of harming or injuring another living being who is motivated to avoid such treatment. ’ (Baron, 1994) ‘Aggression is an intentional physically or psychologically harmful behaviour that is directed at anot her living organism. (Thirer, 1993) Sporting definition of aggression: Used by the athlete to channel their will to win at all odds and determination to sacrifice their own or their opponents, bodies in the cause of victory. Gills criteria for aggressive behaviour: Are 4 main factors which describe aggressive behaviour which were identified by Gill in 1980; there are as follows: * It is a form of behaviour: aggression can be either physical or verbal. * It involves causing harm or injury: Aggression is designed to cause either psychological or physiological harm. The injury or harm is directed towards another human being: Aggression is directed towards either another human or animal. * Aggression is always done with purpose: If a seemingly aggressive act is genially done by accident it cannot be classed as aggression. Types of aggressive behaviour: Aggression cannot always be characterized as the same. A defender in football can perform aggressive tackles without breaking the rules of the game, and not all athletes have the same motive and expected outcome for their aggression. There are three main times of aggression which can characterize an athlete’s sporting performance.Hostile aggression: The prime motive of hostile aggression is to harm an opponent, where the chief aim of the aggressor is to inflict injury. Hostile aggression the desired outcome of the aggressor is to harm another player, for personal reasons. For example if in hockey a player can go in for a very aggressive challenge, but if his aim is to get the ball then it is not hostile aggression. If the player goes in for an aggressive challenge where his aim is to not only get the ball but to harm the player then it is hostile aggression. The act of aggression usually stems from an incident which occurred earlier in the game.Take the hockey example again, Say the aggressor had the ball and was dribbling it towards the goal and another player, who is already on a green car, trips him with h is stick in the circle, and the umpire doesn’t give a foul or a penalty. The player may feel that justice may not have been done; the other player should have been given a yellow card and sent off for 5 minutes, and his team should have been awarded a penalty. Therefore the player may wish to take the law into his own hands. Say the same player who committed the fowl has the ball.The aggressor, still angry from the earlier incident, may go in for a aggressive tackle with the purpose of causing the player intentional harm. For example he could lift his elbow to hit the player in the face. This can have two outcomes; the player may get hurt, making the aggressor feel like justice has been done. However, the umpire can call the player up on this and depending on the severity award him a green, yellow or red card. This cause the player to believe justice still has not been done, as he has been punished for a similar fowl that the other player got away with.This may cause further anger the player and may lead him to cause more aggressive incidents. B-tec national sport and exercise sciences, Mark Adams, Heinemann, 2007 Beckham’s red card. http://www. worldcupblog. org/world-cup-moments/world-cup-moments-david-beckhams-red-card-vs-argentina-in-1998. html Aggressive actions violate the rules of any game and such indiscretions are dysfunctional in the context of sport. Often an aggressive player will disrupt the team’s performance and spoil the cohesion of the group. A high profile example of this was David Beckham’s sending of in England vs.Argentina in the 1998 world cup in France. On the 30th of June 1998, The English national football team were playing Argentina in the quarter finals of the world cup. David Beckham made himself a hero in the previous game, scouring a spectacular free kick winner against Columbia. Almost strait after kickoff Diego Simeone was â€Å"tripped† in the penalty box and a controversial penalty was given which Gabriel Batistuta netted to make it 1-0. After the half time break the score was level at 2-2. Diego Simeone made a deliberately clumsy challenge on David Beckham, brining him to the floor.Though many thought Simeone should be sent off for such a blatantly harmful challenge, The referee, Kim Milton Nielson awarded Simeone a yellow card. Possibly feeling angered over the arguable â€Å"Dive† in the penalty box, and then the rough challenge with Simeone only being given a yellow card, Beckham took the law into his own hands. He gently kicked Simeone on the calf. Though Simeone went down rather theatrically to such a weak kick, Beckham had still broken the laws of the game and was sent off. This had a negative effect on the team.With out Beckham to put together passes in the midfield, England had trouble getting the ball up the field. When the game went to penalties and Beckham wasn’t avalibul to take one (he had a reputation for scouring penalty kicks) England lost . http://sports. jrank. org/pages/351/Beckham-David-1998-World-Cup-Fiasco. html This is an interesting case as there were many factors which caused his aggression. There was a lot of pressure on him and his ego would have been on a high after his fantastic performance against Columbia. He didn’t perform particularly well throughout the game which would have caused him to become frustrated.Dollard et al (1939) said in his Frustration – aggression Theory â€Å"that aggression is always caused by some form of frustration† and â€Å"that people are motivated to reach goals, but if these goals are blocked then frustration occurs. † Therefore, his frustration may have leaded him to act aggressively. Also the Disputed dive by someone in the first half may also have increased his frustration. Berkowitz (1965) proposed in his revised frustration-aggression theory that any negative thoughts, not just frustration, can bring on aggressive behaviour, one of those nega tive thoughts being threat.When Simeone brought Beckham down with his rough tackle from behind, would have felt threatened. He hadn’t been playing as well as what was expected of him and was then brought down in an embarrassing challenge. Beckham may have felt that the yellow card wasn’t enough and decided to take out his aggression with the purposeful kick to the calf. This would have fulfilled his own sense of justice, however, the kick was seen and the red card was awarded. This was defiantly hostile aggression His sending of affected the team badly and contributed to the eventual defeat. ttp://www. bbc. co. uk/dna/h2g2/A47629317 Threats to self-esteem may lead people to act aggressively without thinking about the consequences. Hostile aggression can involve immediate reactions in blind fury, or carefully planned and deliberate acts. The Beckham incident was a blind fury reaction where the previous hockey scenario was planned. http://www. psypress. co. uk/smithandma ckie/resources/topic. asp? topic=ch13-tp-02 #What Triggers Aggression Instrumental aggression: El-hadji Diouf (centre) after shove on mark Schwarzer (floor) http://www. dailytelegraph. om. au/sport/soccer/schwarzer-caught-in-the-crossfire/story-e6frey4r-1225926429183 Instrumental aggression is when somebody displays aggressive behaviour, in pursuit of a non-aggressive goal. Where an athlete acts in an aggressive way, not to harm the recipient as in hostile aggression, but so they can achieve a goal such as winning an athletic competition. Instrumental aggression is not the result of anger and seeking revenge. It is an aggression type that mainly serves one's own interest in an individual sport or the interests of the team in team sports.A real life example occurred on the Saturday, 18 September 2010 in a football match between Blackburn rovers and Fulham F. C. The Blackburn goal keeper Paul Robinson sent forward a long free-kick which Fulham keeper mark Schwarzer came to collect. Ho wever winger, El-hadji Diouf, intentionally ran into Schwarzer, knocking him to the ground. This allowed Blackburn striker Chris samba to easily head the ball into the empty net. This is a perfect example of instrumental aggression. Diouf made an aggressive attack on schwarzer, not with the aim of harming him, but so samba could score, giving Blackburn the lead. ttp://news. bbc. co. uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/9000608. stm Luis Suarez’s handball. http://www. thisislondon. co. uk/standard-sport/worldcup/article-23852532-full-of-praise-for-luis-suarezs-handywork. do Apter (1993) has pointed out there are often a set of unofficial rules, as well as the official rules, governing what aggressive behaviours are acceptable. For example there have been many occasions in football where a player has been on a clean run to goal, only to be illegally pulled back or tackled by another player.This is instrumental aggression as there is a non- aggressive goal, It against the rules of the game and punishable with a red card, but is considered normal. A high profile example would be the case of Luis suarez in the 2010 world cup. On Friday the 2nd of July 2010, The Uruguay national football team were playing Ghana in a world cup quarter final match. The game went in the second half of extra time Ghana took a corner which Adeyah headed towards goal. Luis Suarez a out field player then extended his arm and blocked the ball with his hand.Ghana were awarded a penalty and Suarez a red card and a sending off. However when Ghana’s Asamoah Gyan missed the penalty and Uruguay won the game Suarez was hailed as a hero by most South American football fans. After the game Suarez said â€Å"†There was no alternative but for me to do that and when they missed the penalty I thought ‘It is a miracle and we are alive in the tournament',†. Fans throughout Africa however, despised Suarez for this. This example can be used to support Apter’s claim. Though against the rules fans all over South America believed Suarez’s actions were acceptable.He knew the risks and was punished, but still this act of instrumental aggression cause Uruguay to progress. This is has come to be known as sanctioned aggression, that is instrumental aggression where that whilst not within the official rules is still accepted as normal, even though it would be punished. Husman and Silva (1984) however, argued that sanctioned act of aggression have been mislabelled as aggressive and should be called assertive. As there is no real intent to harm an opposing player. http://news. bbc. co. uk/sport1/hi/football/world_cup_2010/8785140. tm An example of unsanctioned aggression would be in the World Cup semi-final of 1982 between France and West Germany. Patrick Battiston was chasing a bouncing through ball as Germany keeper, Harold Schumacher came charging out of his goal. Battiston reached the ball first but Schumacher leapt up and smashed into him, knocking h im unconscious. He eventually recovered but he lost several teeth and at one point fell into a coma. This is unsanctioned aggression. Though Schumacher’s aim was to prevent a goal and not to hurt Battiston, the challenge was acknowledged as extremely dangerous and thus unsanctionedHostile aggression Vs Instrumental aggression A case where it becomes difficult to identify the difference between Hostile and instrumental aggression is in the case of combat sports, as the whole aim of the sport is to cause some degree of harm. In boxing one may become frustrated and aggressively hit the opposing boxer harder and eventually knock him out. This is instrumental aggression as you have to harm your opponent in some way to win, but this is often done with the view of winning, not causing your opponent harm.The boxer may throw a few â€Å"rabbit† punches ( a hit to the back of the head) or hit with his elbow. This would be sanctioned instrumental aggression. A minor breach of the rules stemming from the boxers desire to win. Unsanctioned instrumental aggression can be hard to differentiate from hostile aggression in this scenario. However I believe it is possible take these two examples: Two boxers are in round 9 of a match and one of them can’t seem to wear his opponent down. He is losing on points and needs to harm the other boxer.When the two next lock arms and he believes he is out of the view of the referee he quickly hits the other boxer in the groin with his knee. This is unsanctioned instrumental aggression. The boxers aim was to harm the other boxer, but only so he could win. A blow to the groin can cause shortness of breath and intense pain. A groin hit, unlike rabbit punches is a serious fowl, and can result in instant disqualification. Mike Tyson Vs Evander Holyfeild http://www. 411mania. com/boxing/columns/132418 A famous hostile aggressive act occurred in June 28, 1997, in a boxing match between mike Tyson and Evander Holyfield.In the p revious Tyson-Holyfield fight, seven months earlier, Holyfield, who opened as a 25-to-1 underdog), floored Tyson for the second time in Tyson's career in the sixth round, and scored a TKO over Tyson in round 11. Holyfield dominated Tyson throughout the fight, winning almost every round. Baumeister (1996) specified a model in which egotism, in response to ego threat, leads to aggression. Mike Tysons first loss to Holyfield was only the second in his career and first loss in 7 years. This leads me to believe Tysons ego was inflated and then threatened after the first loss.This would have caused genuine feelings of hate for Holyfield. Holyfield won the first two rounds of the fight which must have further frustrated Tyson. Then 00:40 minutes to the end of the first round Tyson caught Holyfield in a clinch and bit off a piece of Holyfield’s ear and spat it on the ring floor, he then pushed Holyfield as he walked back to his corner. The fight resumed with a two point deduction fro m Tyson. In his rage he bit Holyfield again on the opposite ear. The referee disqualified Tyson.In reaction Tyson went on rampage at Holyfield and Holyfield's trainer Brooks while they were still in their corner. Tyson took swings at the people in his way, but was taken back to his corner by security. This is hostile aggression at its worse. Tyson bit Holyfield’s ears to cause genuine harm stemming from his frustration and threatened ego. The post-match rampage was another example of hostile aggression as the only thought in Tysons head must have been to cause harm. Smith (1983) argued, however, that all aggressive acts in sport are instrumental and carried out with some end in mind.Smith, therefore, concludes that the distinction between instrumental and hostile aggression is not a useful and it is difficult to separate empirically where a particular aggressive act may have a variety of different outcomes. Therefore, both aggressive acts are the same. In contrast to smiths a rgument Husman and Silva (1984), and Martens (1975) argue that although both hostile and instrumental aggression include intent to injure, the relatively common incidents of angry retaliation which occur as the result of provocation in team contact sports can be seen as hostile aggression.The so called professional foul which occurs especially in soccer where a player is tackled and usually brought down to prevent him from scoring can be seen as an ac of instrumental aggression. Rethinking aggression and violence in sport, John H Kerr, Routledge, 2005 Assertion: Aggression http://blog. incomeaccess. com/6322/2010/07/12/world-cup-fallout-dutch-captain-retiresas-does-paul-the-psychic-octopus/ggression Assertion is the third main type of aggression, however, Assertive behaviour does not attempt to harm and is strictly within the rules and spirit of the game.Assertive behaviour shows when an athlete becomes more energetic, robust and forcefully with every movement they make. They may al so raise their voice and speak in a more forceful manor to team mates and opposition, but the difference between hostile and instrumental aggression is that there is no intention to harm your opponent and break the rules. Bredemeier (1994) and Silva (1978) said â€Å"Assertiveness is distinct from aggressiveness in that it is the nonhostile, noncoercive tendency to behave with intense and energetic behaviour to accomplish one's goal†. Assertion was described y Parens (1987) as nonhostile self-protective mastery behaviour. A prime example of an assertive athlete is English footballer Rio Ferdinand. Rio has a low red card and yellow card count, yet is still known for his tough tackling defensive style. He is also very vocal on the pitch, he is known for barking orders to his defensive team mates and often voicing his opinion on referee decisions. Despite this he has a low red and yellow card count because he doesn’t break any rules. A sliding tackle for example is illega l if you don’t get the ball first and instead get the opposing player.The opposing player may get hurt, but as long as the player got the ball first and the defender had no intention what-so-ever to harm the other player it cannot be classed as aggression. If the defender performed an illegal two-footed challenge and hit the opposing player’s leg, it is aggression. Psychology and sport, Sally Gadsdon, Heinemann, 2001 Assertion http://www. bbc. co. uk/french/highlights/story/2008/05/080521_champsleague_pix. shtml Another example of assertion would be in Boxing. During a match a boxer will try to physically harm another boxer through jabs and other punching techniques.This however, is required in the sport and is therefore assertion rather than aggression. If however, said boxer hit his opponent with his elbow after failing to land a punch, or occasionally throwing a rabbit punch to gain an advantage it becomes instrumental aggression. Bakker et al (1990) found that aggr ession increased when a team is losing, particularly in a game of great importance. The Beckham- Simone incident discussed earlier in this report is an example of this. It was the world cup quarter-final and tensions were high. Another example is that of the 2010 world cup final between the eventual winners Spain and Holland.Though they were not losing, Holland were unable to make significant breaks. Spain had 57% of the possession and there fast passing strategy caused problems for the defence. Holland played aggressively and committed 28 fouls, receiving 8 yellow cards and 1 second yellow; meaning a red card was given to John Hetitinga. Arjen Robben showed significant signs of aggression, throwing the match ball away from play when a offside went against him. He had previously had 2 clean runs, but the Spanish keeper Iker Casillas, which must have frustrated him. This compared to Holland’s last 16 games against the lesserSlovakia when only 2 yellow cards were awarded, suppo rt Bakker’s argument. http://news. bbc. co. uk/sport1/hi/football/world_cup_2010/default. stm Causes of Aggression Before we discuss means of preventing aggression in sport it is important we understand how and why an athlete may become aggressive in the first place. A number of theories are still in competition as to why we are aggressive; however, I am going to concentrate on three of the most popular theories; the instinct theory, Frustration Aggression theory, and the social learning theory.Instinct theory An instinct is an innate tendency to behave in a certain way. Basically this theory suggests that we as the human race are aggressive in sporting environments because it is in are genetic makeup, and therefore inevitable. Sigmund Freud (1919) was responsible for much of the psychoanalytical work of the instinct theory. Freud proposed that we are motivated towards two opposing instincts the life drive (Eros) and the death Drive (Thanatos). Freud believe people are motiva ted towards self- destruction through the death instinct.Therefore, Eros and Thanatos are always in conflict and to resolve the conflict the aggression must be turned outwards, towards other. However, Freud also proposed that although aggression is always with us, we maintain the ability to exert some control over it. Thus it is not always inevitable. Richards (1994) looked at sport as a healthy way to release our death instinct. He studied the importance we attach to kicking in our aggressive tendencies and applied this to sports like football and rugby and termed them civilising influences.Sport Psychology: a students handbook, Matt Jarvis, Routledge, 2006 A similar take on the instinct theory is that of ethology. Konrad Lorenz (1966) was responsible for much of the work on the ethological approach to this theory. Lorenz proposed that the human race have evolved to have a fighting instinct which is trigger by certain environmental stimuli. Lorenz believed that accumulated aggressi ve energy and the presents of aggression-releasing environmental stimuli would lead to a display of aggression, such as in a sporting environment. Advanced Studies in PhysicalEducation and sport, by Paul Beashel and John Taylor, Nelsons and sons ltd, 1996 Both Freud and Lorenz’s theorys support the idea of catharsis, the release of aggressive energies through aggression. So how does this relate to sport, for example imagine a linebacker in American football player who has had a rather frustrating game. He has thus far been truly able to get involved for a number of games. However he has been able to maintain his frustration and not lash out in a hostile way. Suddenly a player on the opposite side breaks through and is running to scour a touchdown.The line backer gives chase and takes him down with a legal tackle. This cathartis through assertiveness. Play like this supports Richards’s belief of sport being a healthy way to release aggression. Many have refuted the idea that sport enables aggressive catharsis, one such research case being Zillman, Day and Johnson (1974). They compared the aggressive tendencies of athletes competing in aggressive sports athletes competing in non-aggressive sports and non athletes. The study found there was no difference between the three groups, which contradict the aggression-cathartis theory.In accordance with this theory those participating in aggressive sports would be expected to be less aggressive as they had the opportunity to release there aggression through sport. However I do not believe this argument is broad enough to disprove this theory. Why, in an aggressive sport, while you may have more opportunity to release your aggression through catharsis, so does your opponent. If one team is being constantly bested by the other instead of becoming less aggressive they will become more aggressive. This argument is supported by Dollards the Frustration- Aggression theory (1939) which I will discuss later.Psycho logy and sport, Sally Gadsdon, Heinemann, 2001 Whether aggression is innate or learned remains an ongoing argument in psychology. The Instincts involved in these theorys are difficult to identify and thus forth difficult to test. The main problem is that is aggression was instinctive and not learnt then every being on earth would display the same aggressiveness. Instinct theories only concentrate on aggression being innate and don’t take into account important environmental factors. Lore and Schultz (1993) have pointed out that all vertebrates show aggression, therefore; it must be a survival trait, in accordance with Lorenz’s argument.However Baron ; Richardson (1992) have said that cross-cultural studies have found wide variation in human aggression. Smaller rural cultures such as the arapesh of new guinea have shown very little aggression in contrast to European and American standards, which suggests Morden life increases aggression, which is a environmental factor. There is lack of direct evidence to disprove this theory though it is obvious that different people have different levels of aggression, and if aggression is an instinct we all share then are aggressiveness would be the same.Fustration-Aggresion Theory These theories, closely linked to instinct theorys due to aggression being innate, propose that although we all have an innate aggressive drive, aggressive behaviour is elicited by frustration. Anderson ; Dill, (1995) describe frustration as an interference blocking someone from obtaining a goal; aggression is a behavior in response to frustration, intended to harm the person blocking the goal. The main belief behind these theorys is that an aggressive act stems from an aggressive drive, drive being a state of inner tension.The First of these theories was the drive reduction theory put forward by Dollard el al (1939). This stated that frustration is caused by an inability to obtain a goal. The frustration triggers an aggressive drive which leads to aggressive acts. Dollard put forward a particular model which showed his hypothesis: Above is Dollard et als frustration-aggression model (1939). It shows how a blockade to an athletes causes frustration which leads to aggression. Then the athlete can deal with his anger successfully within the rules of a the game; Cathartis.For example a rugby player who has been tackled a number of times whilst trying to score a try, not all of those tackles legal, uses his aggression to legally barge his way past some backs and outruns the fullback to score a try. According to Dollards model this would cut out the obstacle (the backs) causing to frustration and aggression to subside. However the aggression could be released unsuccessfully. This would mean that the player would break the rules of the game and act overly aggressive, leading to punishment. This causes the cycle to continue.The punishment would cause the player to become even more frustrated which again would lead to further aggression. Then, again they can release it unsuccessfully causing the cycle to continue or release it successfully, breaking the cycle. For example say the rugby player from above didn’t make the try. He became more and more frustrated at the outside centre who continuously tackles him. Ones he breaks through the defensive line again the outside centre charges him. His frustration leads to aggression and he gives the outside centre an elbow as he passes.The referee may see this and give the player a yellow card, causing the player to spend time in the sin bin. This will lead to further frustration. When the player returns the further built up frustration may cause him to commit another foul and be shown a red card, removing him for the rest of the game. This frustration could possibly carry over until the next game, and if that doesn’t go well then the game after that to. This can cause this player to go through a term of â€Å"Bad Form† which is a comm on occurrence in many athletes.Psychology and sport, Sally Gadsdon, Heinemann, 2001 Many sports psychologists have agreed with Dollards original modle. Anderson ; Dill (1995) also stated that â€Å"all acts of aggression are the result of previous frustration and all frustration leads to aggression†. Berkowitz (1989),however, reformulated the frustration – aggression hypothesis, proposing that frustration results from an inability to obtain a goal, creating a readiness for aggression or anger. This anger may lead to aggression if there is an aggressive â€Å"cues† are present. This may be a person, object or situation related to the frustrating event.Though Berkowitz also states that an aggressive Cue doesn’t always have to be present to release aggression, though they make it more likely. Also in this argument frustration doesn’t always lead to aggression. A classic example of an aggressive cue is a football fan. Say a football fan is watching his supported team at home and they lose 3-0 to Wolverhampton wanderers. He is frustrated at the teams loss though doesn’t show aggression. Later in the week he is playing a Sunday morning football game with his team and there opponents have a dark yellow kit, a kit similar to wolves.This may trigger his aggression at his football team’s loss, leading to him acting aggressive in the coming game. Applying sport psychology: 4 perspectives, Jim Taylor ; Gregory Scott-Wilson, Human Kinetics, 2005 Dollards original theory has been criticized for being over simplistic, stating that a blocked goal will always lead to frustration and frustration to aggression. Bandura (1973) criticized Dollard and his Yale associates formulation as a drive theory, holding that frustration typically only creates a general emotional arousal.Zillman (1979) was also dubious and attained that demonstrations of aggression as a response to frustration were attributed to personal attack or the instrument al value of aggressive reactions. Zillman contended that â€Å"the blockage of a goal in of itself will not induce hostility or aggression. In contrast Baron (1977) was far more favourably disposed, but maintained that frustration is far less common or important as an ascendant of aggression. Baron suggested that â€Å"barriers to goal attainment would only invoke a aggressive reaction, if they were unexpected†. ttp://www. radford. edu/~jaspelme/_private/gradsoc_articles/aggression/frustration%20aggression. pdf The Frustration-aggression hypothesis validity has been greatly increased with berkowitz amendments. One of the theorys biggest criticisms was that frustration would not always lead to aggression and that aggression is possible without frustration. Berkowitz changed the hypothesis to state that frustration is a contributing factor to aggression, but another factor could set it off, or it could simply subside, which answered to that particular argument.However Berkowit z still does not address other factors which could lead to aggression. Some psychologists have argued that we need to understand the meaning of aggressive acts for the individual carrying them out. These theorists often see aggression as a calculated, utility maximising act exacted so as to gain calculated benefits. These theories may perhaps help to explain the wide variety of motivational influences that can lead to aggression. Social learning theory Another approach to human aggression comes in the form of the social learning